NG Boon-Yuen1,* and Ganthi Viswanathan2
1School of Business, Singapore University of Social Sciences (SUSS)
2Online Learning, SUSS
Sub-Theme
Building Learning Relationships
Keywords
Sense of belonging, online learning, adult learners, instructor-student relationships, peer interactions
Category
Paper Presentation
Fostering a sense of belonging is essential for students in higher education, as it enhances engagement, motivation, satisfaction, attainment, and retention (Kelly et al., 2024; Peacock et al., 2020; Pedler et al., 2022). However, nurturing a sense of belonging in online learning environments can be challenging due to the absence of face-to-face interactions (Adlington et al., 2024). Limited research exists on sense of belonging in online higher education particularly for adult learners who may have different educational priorities and expectations (Diep et al., 2019).
Sense of belonging encompasses feelings of being accepted, included and valued by instructors and peers in the class (Peacock et al., 2020; Pedler et al., 2022). It is typically established through positive instructor-student relationships and meaningful peer interactions (Adlington et al., 2024; Dulfer et al., 2025; Wang et al. 2024). For online learners, sense of belonging is critical yet more challenging to establish due to the reduced opportunities for relationship building in virtual environments (Edwards & Hardie, 2025).
As part of a larger research project on online learning for adult learners, this study investigates how adult learners experience a sense of belonging in their online classes and how this affects their overall learning experience. The findings offer practical implications for instructors to enhance online learning and foster a stronger sense of belonging for adult learners in higher education.
We conducted a mixed-method study with adult learners at an autonomous university in Singapore. More than 200 students who had completed at least one online course participated in a survey reflecting on their experiences with online learning. The sample encompassed a balanced distribution of younger and older adult learners, with a substantial proportion employed full-time. In addition, ongoing semi-structured interviews are surfacing rich insights into online experiences and sense of belonging. Qualitative data from the surveys and interviews are analysed using thematic analysis.
Preliminary findings suggest that adult learners do not prioritise sense of belonging as critical for online learning. Survey participants identified practical factors including effective time management skills, flexible scheduling of classes and self-motivation as the most important for online learning success. Seminar recordings were useful for learning, whereas group activities were perceived as less effective. This reflects adult learners’ pragmatic approach as they juggle multiple responsibilities such as employment or family obligations.
While a majority of survey participants reported that they did not feel a sense of community with other students in their online courses, most of the participants indicated that the online courses met their expectations. This suggests that a sense of belonging may not be an explicit expectation for adult learners in online learning. However, the absence of belonging manifests as challenges, with lack of peer interaction emerging as one of the top three difficulties faced during synchronous online seminars. Interview insights reveal concerns that centre around group discussions and activities during synchronous seminars and graded group assignments. In particular, limited opportunities for meaningful interactions and bonding led to additional anxieties and increased workload to compensate for the lack of trust amongst group members. Preliminary findings also indicate mixed perceptions regarding instructor support and the limited interaction with instructors in the online learning environment.
This study highlights a critical paradox in adult online education. While sense of belonging may not be explicitly valued by adult learners, its absence affects the learning experience in the online learning environment. The findings offer insights into strategic approaches that could integrate community-building elements with the practical, efficiency-focused preferences of adult learners. The practical implications and recommendations drawn from this study provide valuable guidance for higher educational institutions, continuing education providers and instructors working with adult learners.
References
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Diep, A. N., Zhu, C., Cocquyt, C., De Greef, M., Vo, M. H., & Vanwing, T. (2019). Adult learners’ needs in online and blended learning. Australian Journal of Adult Learning, 59(2), 223-253. https://ajal.net.au/downloads/adult-learners-needs-in-online-and-blended-learning/
Dulfer, N., Gowing, A., & Mitchell, J. (2025). Building belonging in online classrooms: Relationships at the core. Teaching in Higher Education, 30(4), 1024-1040. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2024.2349993
Edwards, C., & Hardie, L. (2025). How to develop a sense of belonging in online distance learning? In J. Baxter, H. Selby-Fell, & A. Gilbert (Eds.), Creativity and Critique in Digital Learning and Teaching: Insights for Learning Design in Business and Law (pp. 179-199). Palgrave Macmillan.
Kelly, M. L., Nieuwoudt, J., Willis, R., & Lee, M. F. (2024). Belonging, enjoyment, motivation, and retention: University students’ sense of belonging before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/15210251241231242
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Wang, G., Chen, G., & Li, B. (2024). The effects of teacher–student reciprocity on students’ sense of belonging to the university: A moderated mediation model. Frontiers in Education, 8, Article 1284177. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1284177